Problems of scientific revolution. Progress and obstacles to progress in the sciences

R. HARRI, (editor), Problems of scientific revolution. Progress and obstacles to progress in the sciences, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1975, 8vo, pp. vii, 104, £1.75. The six essays in this book represent the Herbert Spencer Lectures for 1973, and their main theme is one that was central to Spencer's thought, and in keeping with his political and moral convictions. It is the growth of scientific knowledge, and philosophical discussions of the notion of progress. Sir Hermann Bondi argues that the concept of progress in science is not a simple one and that a direction is not discernible. Moreover, we do not necessarily feel more comfortable about the extent of our present-day knowledge. J. L. Monod discusses with great skill the molecular theory of evolution, that is, the present state of evolution. Professor W. F. Bodmer believes it does not follow that biomedical advances are all for the good of mankind, because they nearly always induce tensions and conflicts; it is up to us to make sure they are advantageous. Dr. J. R. Ravetz finds no absolute internal measure for science's progress, and suggests that to engage in the evolution of science itself, rather than in cumulative progress within the sciences, is preferable, employing objects of inquiry, methods of research, and functions of achieved results. A great improvement in our understanding of human behaviour in order to avoid destruction is seen to be essential by B. F. Skinner, the founder of radical behaviourism. This is to be sought not in individuals, but in the world in which they live, especially cultures. Finally Sir Karl Popper discusses progress in science, and some of the social obstacles to progress, particularly the ideological ones. Each essay is a masterly contribution to a vitally important subject, and of consequence to the medical sciences as well as to science in general. It should be read by all those seriously involved with the history of medicine or science.